Health Promotion Essay Example for Free

Health Promotion Essay Throughout history public health effort has been directed to the control of transmissible diseases, reduction of environmental hazards, and provision of safe drinking water. The Greeks believed that ill health developed from an imbalance between man and his environment, not unlike contemporary public health theories of multifactorial disease causations, in which environment plays a prominent role (pg 5). In the middle ages (AD 500-1500), epidemics of infectious disease spurred collective activities by communities to promote the public’s health, presaging the later formation of boards of health and public health departments In the 1800s. Medieval cities were run by councils who supervised disease prevention, sanitation, and protection of community health. The first public health revolution was the struggle against infectious disease in the late 1800s and early 1900s, which involved sanitation and immunization. The second revolution was spurred by the prevalence of chronic disease, including heart disease and cancer. In 1979 Healthy People marked a turning point in the approach and strategy for public health in the US. Americans adopted simple measures to enhance health including: Eliminating cigarette smoking, reduction of alcohol misuse, moderate dietary changes to reduce the intake of excess calories, fat, salt, and sugar. Other ways to enhance health include moderate exercise, periodic screenings such as high blood pressure and certain cancers. Healthy people recognized that in the past, individuals did not have complete control or responsibility over their health status in part because of socioeconomic and environmental determinants (pg 29). The differences between historical and contemporary health promotion is that they were both based from different time periods, where back then there preventions were based off the knowledge they had. In the present times we have gained and learned so much more especially from our history, that we now have better advanced ways to promote health with preventative measures learned and understood through findings and experience. The differences developed in order to continue with the promotion of health in a better advanced way, which will better the future for generations to come.

Description of personal warm-up Essay Example for Free

Description of personal warm-up Essay Before training or playing a match in my sport I will always follow a warm-up program. This warm-up will help prevent injury such as muscle pulls and tears. As well as being physically prepared it will also help me be mentally prepared which is especially important in a match situation. My warm-up consists of a few running drills and then into a set of stretches followed by some skilled drills. It is very important to do some running drills before stretching as muscles need to be stretched when warm to prevent injury. A simple 3 minute jog would warm the muscles enough for stretching. Stretches These are the stretches that I would go through. Each stretch has a diagram, to demonstrate how the stretch is done, and the names of the muscles being stretched. Neck muscles (Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes) Shoulder muscle (Deltoids, Trapezius and Triceps) Spine Quadriceps (Rectus temoris and Sartoius) Hamstrings Gluteus Maximas (Gluteuls) Groin (Pectinus, Odducta longas and Odducta magnus) Skilled drills The final part of my warm up consists of practicing skills with my teammates. There are many forms that we can practice skills with. Grid work Grid work will be set out with players on four corners facing each other as shown in the diagram. = players = running path The players will run to the opposite corner of the grid with a rugby ball and pass it on the player facing them. They can pass it on in number of ways; * A simple pass * A pop pass for the player to run onto * A high pass for the player to jump for * A gut pass Lateral passing Another drill that can be used is the lateral passing drill. Rather than passing forward in grid work, lateral passing consists of passing backwards down a line like a match situation. Players should be in several groups of about 3 to 6 and they should line up at two opposite ends as shown in the diagram. = players = running path = ball path Each group should run to the other end while passing the ball along the line. The distance should be enough for the ball to go down the line 3 times. Benefits of a warm up If a warm up is carried out in the right way it can give many benefits: * Loss of muscle stiffness * As haemoglobin releases oxygen easier at higher muscle temperatures there is facilitated oxygen utilization by the muscles * Speed and force of contraction is increased as the higher temperature of the muscle gives it more energy * Vascular beds dilate in the active tissues increasing blood flow * As muscles are warmed there is reduced resistance which allows a greater economy of movement * Reduces chance of injuries such as tears, pulls etc. Cool down A cool down is just important as the warm up and should always be done after training or a match. I will always cool down after a match or training with my team by simply jogging for 5-10 minutes. This will gently decrease my body temperature. I will also do a series of stretches for 5-10 minutes. Benefits of a cool down A cool down will give a number of benefits: * Reduce the chances of DOMS (Delayed-onset muscle soreness) * Decrease the level of adrenaline in the blood * Helps in the release of lactic acid in the muscles

New Technologies for Gas Turbine Blades

New Technologies for Gas Turbine Blades After second world war, gas turbine became an important technology for its application in aerospace and industrial sectors. At the origin materials used for engine construction are greater incisively. When compared to materials used in compressor and gas turbine- blades. But could not endure more than few hours at then relatively modest temperatures and low power settings; then again reliability and thermodynamics efficiency were comparatively low,so it bringing out some accidents stimulating damage to parts and harms to the people In this report, new technologies for increasing the functioning, reliability and emission in gas turbine blades referable improvements materials, are discussed and executed. Introduction: The gas turbine engine is a machine bearing mechanical energy using gaseous fluent. Its an internal combustion engine as though the reciprocating petrol and disel engines with the major deviation that the working fluent through the gas turbine ceaselessly and not intermittent.the uninterrupted flow of the working fluid needs the compression, heat intake, and expansion to take place in distinguish parts. Since that cause a gas turbine consists of various parts work unitedly and contemporized ready to accomplish production of mechanical energy in caution of industrial purpose, or force, when those machines are used for aerospace purposes.[4],[5] C:UsersSenthilDesktopCapture.PNG Components location of typical gas turbine Throughout gas turbine procedure, air is carried from the atmosphere and is absorbed by the first row of compressor blades. From time to time the working liquid receives mechanical energy from the compressor getting that pressure and temperature increase rapidly. In this special moment ,air accepts proper condition to be send combustion chamber; parts responsible for mixing the incoming air with fuel, producing combustion and high temperature -flue-gases with temperature adequate to 1400 °-1500 °C.the accomplishment of that high window temperature intends that material and design of those components requires special branch; ascribable the area settled between combustion chamber exit and the turbine s intake is considered as the most reasonable and ambitious desire for gas turbine technology.[4],[5] Temperature and pressure profile in gas turbine While flue gases have down from the combustion chamber , they driven to the turbine rows; parts responsible for distilling power from gases in form of mechanical-rotational energy, which drive the compressor and developing extra energy to drive system or generating force. Afterwards, flue gases are freed to the atmosphere through the existing nozzle and its having a temperature about 550 °C.[5] Operating conditions for turbine blades: In gas turbine manufacture, the blade of the high pressure turbine has recede the highest care of the research workers since the challenge it provides. The power to run at growingly high gas temperatures has resulted from a combining of material improvements and the growth of more advanced arrangements for inner and outer cooling system; for example at present high pressure turbine blades experience compressed air bled from the compressor and its came in to the turbine blades although little holes drilled on them, with the aim to establish a covering layer on the border of the blades and assured that hot flue gases fired directly.[4] High pressure turbine blades with internal cooling Material used in gas turbine blades: Advanced gas turbine have the most modern and convoluted technology in all faces; construction materials are not the exclusion referable their extreme operating conditions. Because it has been noted before, the most hard and challenging point is the one settled at the turbine inlet, because, there are various difficulties related to it; like utmost temperature (1400 °C-1500 °C),high pressure, high rotational speed, vibration, small circulation area, and so forth. The aforesaid hasten features produces effects on the blades that are demonstrated on the table.[2] Table shows asperity of the several surface-related problems for gas turbine application Ready to overcome those barriers, gas turbine blades are made using advanced materials and modern alloys (super alloys) that contains adequate to ten significant alloying elements, only its microstructure is very simple; comprised of rectangular blocks of stone piled in a regular align with narrow circles of cement to hold them together. the material (cement) has been changed since in the past,intermetallic form of titanium employed in it, but now days titanium was replaced by tantalum.[3] This change gave afforded high temperature strength, also improved high resistance. Still, the greatest change has happened in the nickel, where high degree of tungsten and rhenium are present. These elements are very efficient in solution strengthening.[3] After 1950 s the evolution from moulded to conventionally cast to directionally solidified to single crystal turbine blades has conceded a 250 °C rise in allowable metal temperatures. On other side cooling developments have repeated this value in terms of turbine entry gas temperature. An important recent part has come from the alignment of the alloy grain in the single crystal blade, which has appropriated the elastic properties of the material to be controlled very closely. so these properties successively control the natural frequency of the blade[2] If metallurgical development can be tapped by reducing the cooling air quantity this is a potentially important performance foil, as for example the Rolls-Royce engine employs about 5% of compressor air to cool its row of high pressure turbine blades. On other side single crystal alloy, is able to campaign about 35 °Chotter than its precursor. Its seem a small increase, but it has permitted the course intermediate pressure turbine blade to stay uncooled[2] : Capture1.PNG CES GRAPH FOR MATERIAL SELECTION DENSITY VS PRICE Capture mcpvs thermal.PNG FATIGUE STRENGTH VS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Capture2.PNG Continuing Development: In the past several decades, thermally deposited ceramic coatings on metallic turbine blades have look turbine engine to operate at higher temperature,and agreeing to the law of thermodynamics, higher efficiencies.[6] Ceramic thermal barrier coating have got improved performance in turbines engines for propulsion and also for power generation. Enforcing a coating of refractory insulation ceramic to metal turbine blades and vanes allows the engine to run at higher temperature as belittling hurtful effects on the metal blades.[1] On going, an advance in high-tech materials is allowing even more opportunities in these areas. By mixing these new materials with a adept understanding of coating engineering precepts and application technologies, coating industries will be able to extend an additional performance improvements in the future. To amend coating performance, various engineering concepts must be believed concerning the quality of the ceramic coating. First, the coating material should be selected so that it is refractory enough to protest the higher temperature at the surface and have a low bulge thermal conductivity to derogate heat transfer to the metallic blade below. in adequate ,the thermal expansion of selected material should nearly match that of the metallic substratum to understate potential stresses.Yttria stabilized Zirconia(YSZ) is the manufacture standard first generation coating material are applying nowadays[1]. However, in second generation coating must have grain and pore structure that will minimize thermal-conduction to the metal-ceramic interaction. A low-density coating is normally made using state-of the-art deposition processes and is splendid of allowing an insulating barrier. The coating should have plenty porosity, hence it cuts the thermal conductivity at the same time it adhering to the metal turbine bond-coat layer. Substantial amount of micro structural engineering in thermal barrier coating is ongoing, example of this reality, is the accessibility of double and triple-layered microstructures for special application.[1],[2],[3] At last, the coating should bind to the turbine blade during operation. Failure of the adhesion(spalling) would suddenly disclose the metallic blade to high temperature, doing austere corrosion , settled creep or melting. In general, a metallic bond coat that shows good adhesion to both the metallic turbine and the ceramic coating is enforced. [4] Creation of thermal barrier coatings: It is also significant that the ceramic coating be homogenously used to the surface of the turbine blade. This is accomplished by either ELECTRON BEAM PHYSICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION (EB-PVD) or ARC PLASAMA SPRAYABLE (APS) powder method. [1] EB-PVD is the process presently advocated for high quality coating. In this proficiency a cylindrical metal bar of the coating, material is vapour with an electron beam, and the vapour uniformly condenses on the surface on the turbine blade. One of the significant advantages of the EB-PVD process is the strain-tolerant coating that is developed. This columnar strain-elastic structure is said to cut down the elastic modulus in the flat of coating to values nearing to zero, thereby raising the lifespan in term of flight hours or cycles of the coating. Early advantages of the EB-PVD ceramic coatings admit fantabulous adherence to both polish and crude surfaces. The final coating is also smooth, requiring no surface finishing. Additionally, the vapour deposition sue could not plug air-cooling holes in turbine blades during deposition. [1], [2], [3] Fig 4 Schematic EBPVD process, the entire fabrication would be under vacuum. Rotation of the electron beam is received by magnetic field vertical to the drawing Fig 5 Schematic microstructure of a thermal barrier coating (TBC)obtained by electron beam physical vapour deposition(EBPVD).the columnar microstructure substantially raises the strain resistance and hence this thermal cycling life. In the APS powder application method, the ceramic material is in the form of a flow powder that is fed in to plasma torch and dispersed molten on to the surface of the metallic substrate. Drops of molten material form†³ splats†³ on the metallic substrate. Sprayed coatings have half the thermal conductivity of the EB-PVD coatings and are hence isolators that are more beneficial. [1],[2],[3] Fig 6 Schematic microstructure of thermal spray coating, it shows only a elite layer of particles The †³splats†³ form a thin plate (lamella) structure of thermal coating of fissures with a non-uniform density and pore size. Fig 7. Schematic microstructure of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) received by air plasma spray (APS). In contrast to EB-PVD coatings, APS coatings need a rough deposition surface for adept adhesion. In addition, thermal sprayed coatings are more prostrate to spalling, cutting the operation lifespan of the coating relative to EB-PVD coatings. Thermal -sprayed parts are also not as reclaimable as part coated by EB-PVD since the wide spalling and extrinsic cracking do the APS coated components to be damaged beyond repair. Still the equipment, movability and lower production cost of APS frequently makes the process more commercially attractive than EB-PVD.[1],[2],[3] Importance of the coating source: In the thermal barrier coating job, is significant to believe the material source (block of metal) associates to the quality of the final coating. For example metal bar for EB-PVD must have a high purity (over 99.5%) and a coherent and uniform density and pore structure. If the ingots are too dumb, they will undergo serious thermal shock when they find electron beam. [4] In a ingot of in homogenous density of porosity, closed porosity may exist. In this case, the release of cornered gas may also do spitting of eruptions. Molten patters, when trapped in the coating, will cause defects and potential failure sites. The optimum density for an EB-PVD barrier coating ingot is usually in the range of 60-70% of theoretical density. If the density is lower than the previously mentioned values, the efficiency of the process is reduced. [4] Arc -plasma spray able powder must have a particle size large sufficiency to flow through the plasma torch but not so prominent that the entire particle is not melted coming out of the plasma gun. Inadequate to the composition, the particle size dispersion and flow ability are major considerations for APS thermal spray powder. [4] While YSZ has been the industry standard first generation coating material, it has a number of retreats that block the improvement of thermal barrier coatings. One trouble is its lack of phase stability at high temperatures. Three commonly formed phases gets out in the zirconia-rich section of the zirconia-yttria binary system: cubic, tetragonal and monolithic. Under operation or making conditions, phase transformations can occur that cause mechanical stress and promote sapling or bond coat failure. In addition, although YSZ has a low thermal conductivity (2.4 W/m K), a refractory ceramic material with a lower thermal conductivity than the YSZ would be suitable. If the coating liberally forms and compactness as in service, the thermal conductivity will slightly increase by thermal shock sensitivity. Hence, materials at least as refractory as YSZ are wanted. It can also be difficult to cope with the thermal expansion of YSZ-comprising coatings to the bond coat layer and the metal subs trate. A great allot of research is currently under way of determine improved materials for thermal barrier coatings. Ready to answer to that requirement, a class of lanthanide zircon ate pyrochlorides(Lnà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Zrà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Oà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡) [1],[4] These materials have lower thermal conductivity than YSZ (1.5-1.8 W/m k), as well as improved phase stability above a broad range of compositions and temperatures. In action they are less liable than YSZ to sintering during operation, hence showing a thermal expansion agree to the bond-coat layer as adept as of better than YSZ. the decreased thermal conductivity of the coating made with these material could admit the turbine to carry at higher temperature and therefore the efficiency should be increased .it could also permit the turbine blade to stay cooler, checking those thermal processes that conduct to coating failure and increasing utile lifespan of the turbine. Fig 8. Micrographs of Laà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Zrà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Oà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ and YSZ coating 7. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs): Advance increasing in temperature are likely to attain the development of ceramic matrix composites. A number of merely shaped static parts for military and civil applications are in the engine development phase and guide vanes for axial compressors had been produced to demonstrate process potentiality, such proficiencies involve advanced textile handling and chemical vapour infiltration that provide the quality challenge. It will finally appear because the advantages are so high, but it would take much longer to contribute it to an acceptable standard than was anticipated a couple of decades back. [1], [4] Ceramic matrix composites are at cutting edge of advanced material technology since their lightweight, high strength and toughness, high temperature potentialities, and elegant failure under loading. Research work has focused for many years on fibre-reinforced ceramics for this application, as contradicted to monolithic materials, which own enough strength at high temperature but the disable of poor impact resistance. Now commercially available ceramic composites utilize silicon carbide fibres in a ceramic matrix such as silicon carbide or alumina. These materials are able of uncooled operation at temperature up to 1200 °C, hardly outside the capacity of the current best-coated nickel alloy systems. un cooled turbine applications will attain an all oxide ceramic material system, to assure the long-run stableness at the very high temperature in oxidizing atmosphere. An early example of such a system is alumina matrix. To earn the ultimate load carrying capacities at high temperatures, single crystal oxide fibres may be used, giving the opening to operate under temperature of 1400 °C. Higher operating temperatures for gas turbine engines are ceaselessly attempted in order to increase their efficiency. Still operating temperatures increase, the high temperature durability of the components of the engine must correspondingly increase. Substantial advances in high temperatures capacities have been accomplished through preparation of iron, nickel and cobalt-base super alloys. When super alloys have detected broad use for components across gas turbines, options materials have been aimed. Materials holding silicon, particularly those with silicon carbide (SIC) as a matrix material and/or as a reinforcing material are currently being dealt for high temperature applications, such as combustor and some hot section components of gas turbine engines; like combustion chamber, transition duct (which take the combustion products and directs them for the turbine section), the nozzle guide vanes the surrounding cover section and others. CONCLUSION: Gas turbines establish a broad and beneficial choice for power generation used for both, industrial and aerospace applications. This technology calling for better and more reliable materials to use mostly in those section in which temperatures are highly like first row of turbines and combustion chamber. Blades materials for turbine section in gas turbine have encouraged rapidly in last few years. At present, those blades are constructed using special alloys and are protected by some special coats. Those changes are meant to increase the allowed temperature up to 1500 °C without cooling. In this way, overall efficiency increases. Ceramic coating is employed to the surface of the turbine blade using several methods. The most significant ones are ELECTRON BEAM PHYSICAL VAPOUR DEPOSTION (EB-PVD) and ARC PLASMA SPARYABLE (APS) powder method. Like wise the technology aspired to produce better coats, material science is presently working extensile in CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES, organized basically by silicon carbide fibres and special fabrics in order to increase the temperature gap in emplacements specially sensible for gas turbine operation. [1], [2], [3]

Drinking Water Sustainability Essay -- Potable Water Scarcity

Introduction The importance of water, in relation to the Earth and its inhabitants, can only be rivaled by the importance of oxygen. Living things depend on water in their habitat. However, the abundance of water is not as important as the usefulness of the water. Much of the Earth is made up of this unique liquid combination of hydrogen and oxygen, but the amount that can be used for human consumption is less than one percent (Boland, 2003). In essence, humans use potable water, water that is suitable for drinking and cooking, to satisfy their basic needs. Drinking (potable) water is free from poisonous substances, contaminants, and disease-causing organisms, which would be unsafe for human consumption (Gulflink). In pre-historic times, inhabitants understood the importance of water sustainability for survival of the population. In ancient civilizations, water sustainability and potable water were both emphasized as ideals for the progress and continuity of the societies. Today, humans continue to progress in their understanding and utilization of technological processes to develop potable water. As a result, water filtration, water management, and water conservation efforts are becoming more effective and commonplace. Thus, as the technology continues to improve the quality of water as a resource, we cannot forget the basis to which past cultures had accepted: the continual existence or sustainability of this limited resource. Abstract A Historical Perspective Man’s existence relies on water, and he cannot survive for more than seven days without it. M.N. Baker, a water quality historian, states, â€Å"In the earliest days of the human race, water was taken as found. It might be pure and abundant, plentiful but mud... ...ment in the twenty-first century: What should we do, not what can we do? The National Academies. . Accessed 11 October 2004. Phippen, Kari. Ancient Egypt – culture: The ancient Egyptian people’s dependence on the Nile. . Accessed 11 October 2004. Potable water through solar energy. The Tribune – India. 18 March 2003. . Accessed 11 October 2004. University of South Florida Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Water resources and environmental systems. Flyer. VOC polluted water remediation technology. Sasakura Engineering Company Ltd. . Accessed 11 October 2004.

The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum Essay -- essays research papers

The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum Knowing about the writer of a literary text can shape significantly the way that it is read. Consider the effect of the writer’s context on your understanding of The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum. â€Å"As a writer of fiction Bà ¶ll was interpreting history, creating patterns of meaning, ordering his material to enable his reader to make sense of it.† The experiences of Bà ¶ll and his values that arose from these events have been influential on the content and themes of Bà ¶ll’s novel, The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum. Bà ¶ll experienced both the first and second world wars and the effects that these wars had on German society. Events such as the economic collapse in Germany post WWII, the construction of the Berlin Wall, the rise of student based urban terrorism in West Germany in the 1970’s and the increasing state controls to contain such alleged threats can be seen to influence the issues explored in The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum. The novel is a comment on the press and the law, the labyrinth of social truth, the collision of fact and fiction and the power of language. Bà ¶ll himself experienced the press first hand and this along with the ex periences of Professor Bruckner, form the basis of his criticism directed at the powerful and hegemonic structures in society, in particular in relation to the police and the press and their corrupt relationship in the novella. Many of Heinrich Bà ¶ll s views and attitudes, resulting form his context, are clearly visible in the novella through the portrayal of certain characters in positive or negative lights. The historical, social, economic and political context of Bà ¶ll and West Germany at this time (1900’s) had a considerable effect on the issues Bà ¶ll delves into in The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum and greatly affected my understanding of the novel. Germany has a deeply rooted history with fascism in the form of Nazism in WWII (1939-1945). Bà ¶ll was a teenager at the time of Hitler’s rise to power and he despised Hitler and everything that he stood for. â€Å"I hate the war and all those who love it†. Bà ¶ll actively refused to join Hitler’s Youth as a boy, yet as a young man he was forced to join Hitler’s army. After the war, until the German Republic was formed, Bà ¶ll lived under the Allied Occupation. These events led Bà ¶ll to view politics with doubt and skepticism and he became vehement abo... ... context that shaped Heinrich Bà ¶ll, it becomes apparent to the reader that these conditions have greatly shaped the themes and ideas discussed in Bà ¶ll’s, The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum. Main issues such as the corruption and collusion of powerful institutions in society, especially the police, press and industrialists have come through, with emphasis being placed on the misogynistic and patriarchal society and the effects this has on the treatment of woman, shown by Katharina. Bà ¶ll brings his awareness of they way in which power and status are connected to wealth into the text and greatly condemns the abuse of power by the dominant groups in society, â€Å"Bà ¶ll had little faith in any moral renewal coming from political or ecclesiastical hierarchies.† . Bà ¶ll believed that â€Å"the function of literature is to challenge the arrogant claims to totality made by all ideological systems† . By incorporating his own context into his work, The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum, Bà ¶ll leads the reader to a greater understanding of this time period in West Germany, at the same time undermining the dominant systems and causing the reader to question and carefully examine power structures in society.

Reasons For The Cold War Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Cold War With the aim of preventing East Germans from seeking asylum in the West, the East German government in 1961 began constructing a system of concrete and barbed-wire barriers between East and West Berlin. This Berlin Wall endured for nearly thirty years, a symbol not only of the division of Germany but of the larger conflict between the Communist and non-Communist worlds. The Wall ceased to be a barrier when East Germany ended restrictions on emigration in November 1989. The Wall was largely dismantled in the year preceding the reunification of Germany. The victorious Allies agreed to give most of Eastern Germany to Poland and the USSR, and then divide the rest into four zones of occupation. However, they could not agree of whether or how to reunite the four zones. "As Cold War tensions grew, stimulated in part by the German situation itself, the temporary dividing line between the Soviet zone in the East and the British, French, and U.S. zones in the West hardened i nto a permanent boundary. In 1949, shortly after the Western powers permitted their zones to unite and restore parliamentary democracy in the Federal Republic of Germany, the Russians installed a puppet regime of German Communists in the East, creating the German Democratic Re-public."(Niewyk, 1995) According to Galante (1965, p.vii) "a city is the people who live in it. Berlin is 3,350,000 people in twenty boroughs. A rich city of factories, an airy city of farms and parks and woods and lakes†¦On Sunday, August 13, 1961 Herr Walter Ulbricht stopped that. He built the Wall." One reason for the building of the Wall was due to the more than fifty-two thousand East Berliners who crossed the border everyday to work in West Berlin. These people were referred to as the "grenzgaenger or border crossers." "East Berliners said the grenzgaenger were parasite who should stay and work on the East side of the boundary, for the benefit of Communism and the prosp erity of the German Democratic Republic."(Galante, p.3) Gelb (1986, p.3) states, "Berlin was where the Cold War began with a Soviet blockade, where Soviet and American tanks faced each other virtually snout-to-snout for the first time, and where the grisly game of nuclear brinkmanship was introduced." The Wall was constructed of concrete and steel and barbed wire. It was 28 miles long, if stra... ...), p.23) On Sunday, 18 March 1990, East Germans held the first free election on their territory since 1933-"the first fully free election in Eastern Europe since the Second World War."(Borneman, p.229) The wall opened because its reason for existence had disappeared. The East German regime erected it in 1961 to stem the flow of refugees to the West. In a paradox of history, the same government was forced to open the Wall in a desperate, last-ditch effort to stop an even more massive wave of deflections in 1989. Bibliography References Borneman, John (1991). After the Wall. U.S.: Basic Books, Inc. Cate, Curtis (1978). The Ides of August. New York: M. Evans & Company, Inc. Galante, Pierre (1965). The Berlin Wall. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. Gelb, Norman (1986). The Berlin Wall. New York: Times Books. Bornstein, Jerry (1990). The Wall Came Tumbling Down. New York: Outlet Book Company, Inc. Heaps, W.A. (1964). The Wall of Shame. New York: Meredith Press. Niewyk, D.L. (1995). Groliers Multimedia Encyclopedia. Garrard, Margaret (1989). Facing Up to the German Question Newsweek, pp. 51-52 Anderson, Harry (1989). A Mixed Blessing for Bonn Newsweek, pp. 33-34 v

Dickens Spirit In Behind A Christmas Carol English Literature Essay

A Christmas Carol was written in 1843 by Charles Dickens, who today remains the most widely known novelist of the Victorian period. Dickens was born in Portsmouth and his farther had a changeless battle to maintain order of his finance. His farther was put into prison whilst Dickens was put into a work house for the bulk of his school old ages. These events contributed together to give Dickens a first category position of Poverty and how the general kids of England lived during the 1800 ‘s. These subjects can be easy associated with A Christmas Carol. They had a great influence on his authorship and made him into the novelist he was. The chief character in the novel is Ebenezer Scrooge. The supporter starts off as a affluent but highly crabbed and bloody-minded concern adult male. He is the kind of individual that lone thinks of himself and no 1s else. The action of four liquors, change the manner he acts and feels and turn him into a respectful member of the community. Jacob Marley, The Ghost of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come all have a different consequence on Scrooge. From seeing what Scrooge was like as a immature male child, to what the hereafter awaits for him. Dickens uses different techniques and methods for each of the liquors to carry through this. Each of the liquors are besides presented otherwise because they resemble and mean different things. Dickens uses Scrooges old concern spouse, Jacob Marley, to warn Scrooge of what the hereafter holds for him unless he changes his ways. Marley is the first spirit Scrooge encounters because he is the lone individual Scrooge would swear. Marley makes a dramatic entryway and astonishes Scrooge. Marley has to look similar to what he looked like seven old ages ago, to convert Scrooge that he is existent. â€Å" The same face: the really same aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. and the hair upon his caput. † Scrooge to get down with, refuses to believe that the apparition he is seeing in forepart of him is existent, despite the fact Marley has barely changed after decease. As Marley ‘s visual aspect has non truly changed, this thought easy convinces Scrooge that the apparition is truly Marley because of its similitude. Scrooge has to cognize what and who has entered his house to stalk him, so a elaborate description of Marley is needed. Scrooge first sees Marley ‘s face in the door knocker, after he has come back from a eventide repast. Merely the rich used to be able to travel out for repasts, so this shows that Scrooge is affluent and can afford expensive luxuries. In the 1800 ‘s the modern door bell was non invented so the bulk of doors had door knockers alternatively. The face on the knocker catches Scrooge ‘s attending, but when he goes back to look, the face has gone. Scrooge so comes to the decision that his eyes must hold been playing fast ones. It is non until Marley ‘s chief entryway that Scrooge believes it is truly Marley. Dickens uses onomatopoeia to depict Marley ‘s dramatic entryway. â€Å" The cellar-door flew unfastened with a flourishing sound. † The experience Scrooge has with Jacob Marley is full of suspense and tenseness. The usage of the word â€Å" flew † indicates that the engagement of Marley is dramatic. This helps to arouse fright because of its abruptness. When the reader reads it, the suspense which has been built up is released in one sentence. The onomatopoeia helps the reader to understand what the state of affairs was like for Scrooge. The cellar door could besides stand for the gap to the changing of Scrooges character. It opening could resemble another opportunity to travel down it, in other words another opportunity to alter the manner he lives his life. It is merely when Marley takes off the patch around his caput that Scrooge believes that the figure in fount of him truly is existent and is Jacob Marley. â€Å" aˆÂ ¦when the apparition taking off the patch round its caput, as if it were excessively warm to have on in-doors, its lower jaw dropped down upon its chest! Scrooge fell upon his articulatio genuss, and clasped his custodies before his face. † In the 1800 ‘s when person passed off a patch was wrapped and tied below the jaw. This was so when the organic structure decomposes the jaw skeleton is still attached to the remainder. When Scrooge sees the lowered jaw, he is shocked and in discouragement. This was cogent evidence that it was Jacob Marley and that everything he had been stating was true. Scrooge could non bear to see what had happened to his best friend. The taking off the patch evokes fear into Scrooge and makes the said much more existent and chilling. This makes Scrooge emotional to the whole visit of Jacob Marley. This tells and shows the reader that Scrooge still has some kind of bosom inside of him and it merely needs more work and recognition to get down to do Scrooge alteration. From the text Dickens has given you the thought that the Jacob Marley has non made as large of consequence as he wished. It tells us Marley wanted to do a bigger impact to Scrooge and possibly Marley had a small spot of good left in him when he died, so now he is seeking to assist his old concern spouse. Jacob Marley ‘s spirit has now left Scrooge and it is the bend of The Ghost of Christmas Past to stalk and learn Scrooge how he must alter. The Ghost of Christmas Past has heavy description and takes him back foremost to his old boarding school and several other of import topographic points. Dickens has used similes to depict the unusual expression of Ghost of Christmas Past. â€Å" It was a unusual figure – like a kid, yet non so like a kid as like an old adult male. † Scrooge can non do out the unusual expression of the shade. There is a batch of description about this first of the three liquors. The description Dickens gives for the spirit is curious proposing it is like that to assist Scrooge understand the things he is traveling to see. A simile is a different technique for the reader to take in, other than a batch of description, so this gives the novel a better flow. The spirit could be described like a kid, as this spirit is about how Scrooge used to be. The shade takes Scrooge back to when he went to get oning school, so seeing a kid like figure would give you an feeling that you are traveling to re-visit your former ego. The fact that it has the visual aspect of both a kid and old adult male, besides symbolises that the spirit is ageless. This indicated that Scrooge is in the presence of the supernatural. After much waiting and confusion over the entryway of the spirit, it all of a sudden appears in forepart of Scrooge. â€Å" Light flashed up in the room upon the blink of an eye, and the drapes of his bed were drawn. † During the 1800 ‘s cardinal warming was an point people could hold merely wished for. So they would hold a drape which went round the bed to seek and maintain the warm in and the cold out. A manus of the shade all of a sudden opens the bed curtains, this could stand for the shade opening a new chance for Scrooge to alter into a better individual. Again the shade makes a dramatic entryway, make fulling the room of visible radiation. The light make fulling the room and the gap of the drapes could resemble acquiring up at the beginning of the twenty-four hours meaning Scrooge and the shade are shortly to be busy revisiting Scrooge ‘s former ego. The spirit is described as have oning the â€Å" purest white † gown, this can be linked to several spiritual figures, the sudden detonation of visible radiation besides supports this. In that clip the bulk of English people followed some kind of the Christian faith, so it ‘s more than likely Scrooge was a Christian. Alt hough it is non mentioned in the text, Scrooges attitude suggests he is a small startled by the entryway of the unusual figure. These points combined give the feeling that Scrooge thought the first spirit was a spiritual figure as he had non encountered any of the other liquors at that point. Scrooge is reminded of the life he used to populate through the usage of the senses, in this instance odor. â€Å" A 1000 odours drifting in the air, each one connected with a 1000 ideas, and hopes, and joys, and attentions long, long, forgotten. † In this case Dickens has used the senses to depict ideas which were traveling through Scrooges head. This is a different technique which has been used, which helps to prosecute and affect the reader. The senses are a great manner to retrieve different things. Peoples associate different odors and sounds to different memories through out their lives. The Ghost of Christmas Past is all about Scrooge retrieving how he used to be and how reasonably he was before his greed for money kicked in. So for Dickens to affect the sense of odor, it is a really effectual technique. After Scrooge has met The Ghost of Christmas Past, he encounters The Ghost of Christmas Present. Scrooge recognises The Ghost of Christmas Present to be reasonably and sort, but he is still a small nervous about run intoing the spirit. â€Å" He was non the dour Scrooge he had been ; and though the Spirit ‘s eyes were clear and sort, he did non like to run into them. † Scrooge shyly enters the room the shade is in, this shows Scrooge is non yet settled with run intoing the paranormal. On the other manus, possibly he fears where the shade is traveling to take him and what it is traveling to demo him. One of the first references of this spirit is that his eyes are clear and sort, straight a manner this give the reader an thought of what the spirit is traveling to be like. Dickens uses developed and detailed description to explicate to the reader what The Ghost of Christmas Present represents. â€Å" Scrooge did as he was told, and held it fast. Holly, mistletoe, ruddy berries, Hedera helix, Meleagris gallopavos, geese, game, domestic fowl, muscle, meat, hogs, sausages, oysters, pies, puddings, fruit, and clout, all vanished immediately. So did the room, the fire, the ruddy freshness, the hr of dark, and they stood in the metropolis streets on Christmas forenoon, † One 2nd Scrooge is in his house with spirit, the following he is on a busy street. The abruptness of this event truly grips the reader, as there is a dramatic alteration in secret plan in such a little portion of text. All of the description gives the reader a elaborate image of what the scene is like and helps to understand how Scrooge could hold been experiencing. In the 1800 ‘s the meatman would hold animate beings hanging up in the store, no pre cut, packaged meat. 1800 ‘s stores would be a batch different to what they are today, so it besides gives the reader an penetration to what a Christmas used to be like. All of this nutrient could stand for the wealth which Scrooge has, as it is the Ghost of Christmas Present. The spirit points out to Scrooge a male child and a miss who ‘s household make non hold much money, but still pull off to remain happy. â€Å" They were a male child and a miss. Yellow, meagre, ragged, scowling, wolflike but flat excessively, in their humbleness. † The ragged description of the kids shows the household do non hold much money. Despite this the kids still manage to stay low and humane. Dickens has shown the kids are happy with what they have through a batch of description, chiefly adjectives, at the clip when it was written kids had to populate through poorness, so the description is highly relevant. The spirit points out how they have no money but are happy, and that he is rich and remains full of crankiness, signalling to Scrooge money is non everything.________________________________The last of the three liquors, is the shade of Christmas Yet to Come. This spirit is the most noticeable from the remainder. The spirit has no address at all but communicates to Scrooge through simple action such as indicating. No address confuses Scrooge and he starts to fear the shade. Dickens has personified decease for the spirit, this is represented in the manner he looks and his general motions. â€Å" The apparition easy, soberly, mutely approached. † Death comes with no warning. It is inevitable and can go on in a flash with no warning what so of all time, so decease could be described as silent. The word â€Å" easy † could be used to give the significance of from the clip your Borns, to the clip you die, it is a long clip. At the present twenty-four hours we possibly would n't state soberly but it contains context to what was go oning at that point during the novel. The apparition does non talk, wears a black garment from caput to toe, if you saw this sort of being gravely walking towards you, you would non believe it is alive but the supernatural. This truly evokes fright into Scrooge and makes him believe truly what he has become. To the reader this besides builds up suspense and tenseness to what the spirit is traveling to make to Scrooge. Dickens has presented the concluding spirit so it has a clear representation to the inexorable harvester. â€Å" It was shrouded in a deep black garment, which concealed its caput, its face, its signifier, and left nil of it seeable salvage one outstretched manus. † The clasp harvester wears a black garment, with its face non seeable, and so does The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come. A clear comparing can be made. The term the Grim Reaper came about after the fifteenth century, so Dickens may hold taken thoughts from that. Scrooge had more than probably heard of the Grim Reaper, so he might of idea that ‘s what had visited him. What the spirit did n't state, Scrooge got the messages through the liquors actions. The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come had a clear consequence on Scrooge as he is terrified of the spirit. â€Å" Scrooge feared the soundless form so much that his legs trembled beneath him. † The spirit has a really awful visual aspect and is used to assist Scrooge believe about what he has done. Scrooge is wholly terrified by the shade, it strikes fear into him and about forces him to believe otherwise. The concluding spirit unit of ammunitions of the work of the first two, and cements in the thoughts he has come across because of the liquors. The work of the three liquors alterations Scrooges attitude to Christmas and to those who are less fortunate as he is. He becomes a really generous individual, giving his clerk a wage rise, giving a batch of money to charity, sends Christmas repasts to unsuspicious receivers and most of all and most of import he revitalises his true Christmas spirit. By composing A Christmas Carol, I feel Dickens was seeking to direct a clear message out to society. In 1843 there were two degrees of societal position, the hapless and the rich. Devils had experienced both, so he knew what a little difference could do. He was seeking to fall in the hapless and the rich, so everybody could populate a joyful and happy Christmas. When the book was published it re-birthed the low Christmas spirit, it besides started Christmas conditions such as general good will to all. I think The Ghost of Christmas Past affected Scrooge the most, as sees how he used to populate and compares it to how he lives now. Dickens uses a different technique for this spirit, he uses a large method of utilizing the senses to stand for Scrooges past memories. Along with the senses, Dickens long and intense descriptions help the reader image the state of affairs Dickens was seeking to make. I feel overall the best technique was the description of the liquors. Dickens varies techniques make the novel much more exciting and give the book a much better flow. Different methods are needed because the different liquors have different ways of explicating to Scrooge that he must alter his ways. For illustration, The Ghost of Christmas Past has a few similes whilst The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come has no address.