Role of ATP in Supporting Energy to the Body Essay Example for Free

Role of adenosine triphosphate in Supporting Energy to the Body EssayWhen provender is ingested, it is broken down into components and utilized in a ad hoc manner in three major cellular pathways to provide zip fastener for the cells and the dead body. Ultimately, these pathways involve the breakdown and utilization of nutrient, the utilization of O2 and the production of cytosineic acid gas, the generation and regeneration of adenosine triphosphate and the production of water. Therefore, these processes involve respiration as well as the breakdown and utilization of food and oxygen.Three major pathways be involved glycolysis which takes broadcast in the cellular cytoplasm and breaks down glycogen and glucose from food, the Krebs Cycle which occurs in the mitochondrion and aerophilous phosphorylation which occurs in the mitochondrion. These three pathways occur in two cellular locations. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and The Krebs Cycle and oxidative phosphory lation take place in the mitochondria. During these three pathways, there is a utilization and production of adenosine triphosphate that biochemists follow closely. It results in the net production of 36 molecules of adenosine triphosphate. To down the stairsstand the entire process that illustrates how food is broken down and utilized in the body, it is instructive to follow a bolus, that is, food consumed, chewed and swallowed. Each spirit involves some aspect of digestion that breaks down composite plant sugar and protein molecules into smaller units. Proteins atomic number 18 broken down into peptides and amino acids while starches and other involved sugars are broken down into glucose.The glucose undergoes glycolysis in the cellular cytoplasm beginning with the enzyme hexokinase, and the entire process of glycolysis is controlled by the rate hold enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK). Kinase enzymes (enzymes that break down ATP) are common all along the three pathways involved , glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle (also called the Citric Acid Cycle and the Tricaroxylic Acid Cycle) and phosphorylative oxidation. Kinases are enzymes that break down or utilized ATP, adenosine diphosphate and AMP as their substrate or one of their substrates. Fiske and Subbarow discovered and characterized ATP in 1929. At that time, the work of some demonstrated that the breakdown of ATP provided energy for muscle contraction, but other studies demonstrated that there was ATP price reduction during glycolysis and during negatron transport. Although ATP is made throughout the cell, the cellular location of ATP synthesis varies with the biochemical pathways associated with ATP synthesis. Although one common pathway of ATP synthesis and breakdown is associated with the adenylate kinase reaction that conditions two ADP molecules from ATP and AMP, studies in the late mid-twenties and beyond demonstrated that ATP synthesis was also associated with glycolysis and during electron transp ort. In 1949, Kennedy and Lehninger demonstrated that ATP synthesis and the citric acid calendar method of birth control occur in the mitochondria. We now recognize that ATP synthesis and breakdown shadow be associated with specific biochemical pathways in the cell cytoplasm and in the mitochondria. Some enzymes are sensitive to the ratio of ATP to AMP and to the presence of ADP. This realization led to the concept of the energy charge, the relative concentration of ATP to ADP to AMP in the cell. An energy charge of 1.0 represents all ATP, and energy charge of 0 represents all AMP and an energy charge of 0.5 represents all ADP or equal amounts of ATP and AMP or some combination of the two. These ratios, and thus the energy charge are important to the cell because many cellular enzymes such as PFK are sensitive to and regulated by the relative amounts of the adenine nucleotides, ATP, ADP and AMP.Glycolysis Glycolysis, also referred to as the Embden-Meryhof-Parnas pathway (figure 1) , is essentially the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm of the cell. The glycolytic process can begin with glucose or glycogen. During the process, glycolysis generates the spunky energy compounds ATP and NADH that serve as the energy sources in the cell. Among the many cellular roles for glycolysis, it serves three central cellular functions. First, it generates elevated energy molecules such as ATP and NADH.It also produces pyruvate for the Krebs cycle and a variety of three and six carbon compounds involved in the intermediary metamorphosis of the cell. The rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis, that is, the key enzyme that controls the glycolytic pathway, is phosphofructokinase (PFK). PFK is feedback inhibited by high levels of ATP which acts by lowering the affinity of the substrate F6P for PFK. AMP can reverse the restrictive effect of ATP rendering PFK, and thus the control of glycolysis very sensitive to the ratio of ATP/AMP in the cytoplasm. The final product arising f rom glycolysis depends on the cellular conditions. Whereas glycolysis begins with glucose or glycogen, it ends with the production two molecules of the three carbon compound pyruvate. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is decreased to cause lactic acid or ethanol and under aerobic conditions pyruvate loses CO2 and regulates the product acetyl-coenzyme A as a result of oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water in the citric acid cycle within the mitochrondia. Glycolysis occurs in the cellular cytoplasm and the Krebs Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondria. Glycolysis results in the formation of fructose from glucose and the formation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and compounds along the pathway on the way to splitting the resulting 6-carbon compound into two three carbon units of pyruvate. In the process, NAD+ serves as a hydrogen carrier and is reduced to NADH, the oxidized form of NAD+.In the cell, the oxidation of aldehyde to carboxylic acid is very complex and strongly exergonic and is generally coupled to ATP synthesis. Glucose goes to Glu-6-P to Fructose with the breakdown of two ATP molecules. Fructose gives rise to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate which is ultimately splite in a complex reaction filament to phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate which is finally split into two molecules of pyruvate by pyruvate and the regeneration of the two ATP molecules previously utilized.GlycolysisFigure 1. Embden-Meryhof-Parnas pathway, also known as glycolysis. Reproduced from Michael W. King, Wednesday, 22-Mar-2006.The Citric Acid Cycle The Citric Acid Cycle (Figure 2) is the most complex of the three components associated with shekels metabolism and the consumption of food. It involves the following eight enzymes and the components they use as substrate Citrate Synthase, Aconitase, Isocitrate Dehydrogense, alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase, Succinyl-CoA Synthetase, Succinate Dehydrogenase, Fumarase, Malate Dehyd rogenase. The generation of acetyl-CoA from carbohydrates is a major control point of the Krebs cycle. Therefore, glycolysis and the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis, PFK, play a role in the control of the Krebs cycle. The oxidation of an acetyl group is a difficult chemical process and may be the campaign that nature developed the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCAC), also known as the Citric Acid Cycle and the Krebs Cycle.The Krebs cycle begins when the products of glycolysis leave the cytoplasm (cytosol) and enter the mitochondria. formerly glycogen or glucose have been broken down into two three carbon units of pyruvate, the pyruvate can be further broken down into a high energy compound called acetyl-CoA resulting in the production of CO2 and water. Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate (also spelled oxalacetate) to form the 6 carbon compound citrate. From this condensation reaction, a complex array of biochemical reactions take place that involve various molecular transformatio ns such as isomerizations and molecular rearrangements.These various steps result in transformations from the 6-carbon condensation that gave rise to citrate and subsequent 6-carbon units of cis-aconitate, isocitrate to a five carbon unit of alpha-ketoglutarate to the four carbon units of succinate, fumarate, malate and oxaloacetate which, once regenerated is available to combine with another high energy acetyl-CoA and form another unit of citrate under the influence of the enzyme citrate synthetase. After citrate is formed, two carbon atoms are removed as CO2 as the various TCAC intermediates are formed leading to the regeneration of the 4-carbon oxaloacetate.There are several oxidation steps on the way to the reformation of oxaloacetate. Each step feeds reducing agents, either NADH or FADH, into the cycle on the way to regenerating oxaloacetate from citrate. The reducing agents (or reducing equivalents) remove hydrogen from the enzyme substrates. So, the reducing agents serve as a pool of hydrogen carriers and allow for the further synthesis of ATP during electron transport. The TCAC results in the production of 2 ATP molecules, 10 carrier molecules and CO2 from each molecule of glucose.Glycolysis and the Krebs CycleFigure 2. Glycolysis and the Krebs Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCAC). Reproduced from David R. Caprette, 2005.Electron Transport The complex molecules that were reduced during the Krebs Cycle are re-oxidized by means of the electron transport system. (Figure 3) Although TCAC results in the production of 2 ATP molecules from each molecule of glucose, electron transport gives rise to 34 ATP molecules and water from the carrier molecules. Therefore, the majority of the ATP in the cell must be produced in the mitochondria. The re-oxidation of reduced NADH and FADH2 by O2 involves a sequence of electron carriers in what has become known as the electron transport chain. It ultimately results in the generation of three molecules of ATP from ADP and inorg anic phosphate for every oxygen molecule involved.This process is called oxidative phosphorylation and is the principal source of usable energy (in the form of ATP) in the cell. It is provided by the breakdown of both carbohydrates and fats. In the process, reduced NADH transfers a hydrogen atom positive(p) two electrons (a hydride ion and H-). Two complex molecules, NAD+ and FAD+, serve as the pool of hydrogen carriers and thus act reducing agents in the mitochondria NAD+ is reduced to NADH and FAD is reduced to FADH2. These compounds serve as electron carriers because their oxidation or reduction, the transfer of H+ (a proton), is accompanied by one or two of the electrons.The electrons donated from NADH or FADH2, upon entering this complex, travel from one carrier to the next, with each carrier being a somewhat more powerful oxidant than the previous one. The hydrogen donated by the reducing agents combines with O2 such that with each molecule of O2 combines with 4 H+ to form wa ter. Therefore, two molecules of NADH must pass four electrons down the electron transport chain for each reduced oxygen molecule (O2).The chemical structures of the components of the electron transport chain fall into several distinct classes. Most are proteins that contain circumscribed coenzymes called prosthetic groups. Although they differ in chemical structure, a major difference between NADH and FADH2 is that NADH difuses freely between the dehydrogenases transfer hydrogen to it whereas FAD+ and FADH2 do not. another(prenominal) class of electron carriers in the mitochondrial membranes is iron-sulfur Fe-S clusters that are bound to proteins and release Fe3+ or Fe2+ plus H2S when acidified. All of the carriers entirely appear to carry one electron at a time. Ubiquinone or Coenzyme Q is a third hydrogen carrier localized in the mitochondrial membranes. It is a common electron carrier that collects electrons from three or more points of input along the electron transport chain and passes them to molecular oxygen. Unlike the other mitochondrial electron carriers, ubiquinone is not uniquely associated with proteins. The cytochromes are a final class of electron carrier localized in the mitochondrial membrane. Cytochromes are small, chemically distinct proteins that contain heme. Like the other electron transport agents, the cytochromes only carry a single electron. Cytochromes pass electrons from cyt bcyt ccyt acyt a3O2Electron Transport/Oxidative PhosphorylationFigure 3. Electron Transport during Oxidative Phosphorylation. Reproduced from M. W. King, 2001.Summary The pathways discussed here involve food consumption and energy utilization arising from food consumption. Once food is taken in and reaches the stomach, it enters the body and the cells of the body. Before digestion, food consists of complex, long chain molecules that must be broken during digestion beginning in the mouth and continuing in the stomach. Once digested food reaches the cells, long chain molecules such as starch and other complex carbohydrates are further broken down into glucose. Glucose, a six carbon compound, undergoes the process of glycolysis in the cellular cytoplasm to become two three carbon units of pyruvate.Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate goes to lactic acid or ethanol, but in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate breaks down into a two-carbon compound, Acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs Cycle. There, food can be used to form energy for the cell in the form of ATP. In the mitochondria, 36 molecules of ATP are formed for each molecule of O2. Two ATP molecules arise from the Krebs cycle and 34 molecules arise from electron transport for each molecule of oxygen. Thus, food consumed and oxygen taken in combine to replenish the energy supplies in the body in the form of ATP.ReferencesCaprette, David R. Substrate Oxidation Krebs Reactions. Experimental Biosciences 31 May, 2005. The Krebs Cycle http//www.ruf.rice.edu/bioslabs/studies/mitochondria/mitokrebs.htm l, Thursday, 7 June 2007.King, Michael W. Digestion of Dietary Carbohydrates. Wednesday, 22-Mar-2006 Glycolysis http//web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/glycolysis.html, Thursday, 7 June 2007King, Michael W. Principals of Reduction/Oxidation (Redox) Reactions. Friday, 30 Mar-2007. Oxidative Phosphorylation http//web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/oxidative-phosphorylation.html, Thursday, 7 June 2007.

Business Plan Essay Example for Free

Business Plan EssayIV. Description of Venturea. ServicesBC station Forum is dedicated in selling properties of the acquired assets of the banks by dint of bidding. Our main goal is to economic aid our clients e in particular to those who are working abroad to have a good investments in owning a property. Our area partners are specially trained in doing sales talk in their clients by providing helpful info about the property. Like property location, property size, and any other information describing the property. We leave alone provide our outmost service to provide the needs of our clients. b. Size of BusinessBC Property Forum is a small size stock that has 20 to 99 employees. This business is privately owned by partnership type of business.c. Office Equipment and PersonnelThe office equipment needed First are computers for recording, retention and back-up of files and records. Second Telephones and Faxes for communication with the clients. Third are printers for printing of records and files. Fourth are photocopying machines for copying of files and lastly are air cons to make people comfortable.The business purely chooses our personnel especially for our area partners and in-house partner. We will have are partners that are good in doing sales talk and well up trained. We will also submit people for Secretary, IT and Messengers. As owners, we do not want to have problems with our clients that will lower our clients trust.d. Background of EntrepreneurPresident Jenifer VelardeJenifer Velarde is graduated Magna ejaculate Laude with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Business way at the University of the Philippines. She was chosen to be the president because of her abilities of handling a business very well and resolving problems.Vice President Enrico C. VeluzEnrico C. Veluz is locally known to have many small businesses within areas in Manila. He also graduated at the University of the Philippines and took up Business Management. He also rec eived an award as an Outstanding Entrepreneur last year.Financial Manager Elenaire PuzonElenaire Puzon is a graduate of Financial Management in the Mapua Institute of Technology. He is an see collector and good in preparing of financial statements and accounts in different companies.Secretary Bea Faye LibiranBea Faye Libiran is a graduate of Adamson University and took up Marketing. She is an experienced secretary since she has worked on different big companies such as RCBC and Makisig Group of Companies.Area Partners Jake Esguerra and Ryan RedectoJake Esguerra is a graduate of University of Makati and took up Marketing. He is a In-House Partner Frangelo Alejandro and prat OrnezaIT Lawrence Penalba and Mikko Ray VictoriaMessenger Jomaric SantosJomaric Santos is a graduate of University of Makati and took up V. Marketing Plan (Condominium Units, House Lot, Lot, Building, Res/Commercial)a. PricingAs we reassess the acquired assets of the banks, we will be meeting halfway with the bank to provide a better price.b. DistributionSince we offer service, distribution is not relevant.c. PromotionBC Property Forum will conduct promotion through advertising. The type of advertising will be using print advertising like magazines, newspaper, posters, brochures and flyers. This would help our company to be accept by our customers since we offer services for them. We will also plan to develop our own website of the company to promote the services we have. Those promotions will be of great help to our company to be well established in the business industry.d. Product and ForecastsThe 1st month will be for the set up of the business. On the second month, the company office will be in order ready to start. On the next month, many costumers are satisfying the services to an increase in sales every year.e. ControlsBased on the market segmentation that BC Property Forum has established, we will require constant updates in terms of the dominance sizes, distributions, an d purchasing patterns of the quality conscious, technology utilizing executive markets. We will use our historical performance to establish a customer database containing this information. This will allow BC Property Forum to target customers more efficiently as a result of actual experience. Furthermore, as our customer service and follow-up are keys to establishing retained customers, the market database will allow us to divide the potential needs of customers.

Engineering Practice Review Report

Engineering Practice Review ReportIntroductionI shapeed for Christie gracious during both of my Internships and received a wide variety of set out during both of these six- month blocks. I worked on several oppo target sites, which included the upgrade of an RTA owned itinerary to the inspection and repair and mental synthesis of parts of the Holsworthy Army Barracks.I plunge out nigh Christie elegant through the university-run website I2MS. I applied for the advertised position, as well as numerous others as soon as they became procurable online. Although I didnt receive a reply as soon as I would have bidd. About 2 and a half(a) months after I applied for the cable, I received a ph unriv wholeed call and an invitation to have an interview with the companies Sydney manager, Martin Carey. I snarl the interview went very well and I was initially happy with my graduation impressions of the place and the people. One workweek later I was integrity of the two successful applicants and began work on the 1st of August 2007.In the semester before my second internship, I contacted Christie Civil in the desire of obtaining some in pulpation about a site I had antecedently worked on, for a university assignment. It was past when the confinement Manager I was talking to, inquired about where I was working for my second internship and invited me to come keystone and work for them. Since I enjoyed working there, and I felt that I previously hadnt learnt as much as I could have, I decided to return to the participation.About the hold in companyChristie Civil is a medium surface construction company that specializes in civil contracting within the Sydney region. For over 40 years, Christie Civil has worked as a Quality Endorsed company whose typical mountain chain of works includesFoundations (piles, footings, underground structures, shoring and underpinning)Bulk and detailed EarthworksSubdivisions (Site clearance, passs and drainage, services)Co ncrete Structures (B exemptges, water and wastewater treatment tanks, detention tanks)Integrated Services (mechanical/ electrical/ fluid mechanics/ utilities)Retaining WallsCar parks and PavementsEnvironmental RemediationChristie Civil employs over 35 people including many Civil addresss, Project Managers and Foreman. On a typical site, Christie Civil provides the On Site Over Heads (OSOH) and usually subcontracts skilled labour (such(prenominal) as carpenters, plumbers and electricians) to professional companies with a good reputation and a proven record. The company overly often works in conjunction with a labour hire company called Christies People, as both companies were founded by the same person.First Internship 2007/2008During my first internship, I worked with Christie Civil for over 6 months between August 2007 and February 2008. Throughout this time, my role varied significantly as the Christie Civil management team placed me in several diametric positions so that I ma gnate gain experience within different aspects of the company ( look at Figure 1a). The major roles I had are explored to a lower placeFigure 1a)Site EngineerAs a site form I was given the responsibility of preparing and importanttaining all of the Quality Assurance (QA) documentation regarding the construction sites to which I was assign. The QA documents fundamentally provide a system in which to monitor the progress and quality of the construction processes ensuring that it is d iodin in a safe manor, to an agreeable standard.on a regular basis I was inevitable toConduct site inductions, which were aimed at high spoting the important safety rules and regulations for anyone new to the site.Prepare and maintain unhurt recreate rule Statements (SWMS) which describes the appropriate precautions that must be taken in order expose potential hazards and minimize their risks.Give toolbox talks to the subcontractors and laborers. These talks outline authoritative safety publi shings and highlighting the appropriate action that is to be taken in order to maintain a safe workplace.Conduct Safety and Environmental Checklists. These checklists highlight any potential hazards that may have come about during construction. E.g. Excavations greater than 1.5m that require fencing.Prepare, maintain and sign transfer on Inspection and Test Plans. track record and monitor the location of newly placed concrete batches.Correspond with the ClientAid the stick out managerAid the laborersI was assigned to two main sites during my first internship, the first of these being the construction of a sewerage overflow tank just off Gunnamatta Bay in Cronulla, NSW. This site basically mired the removal of an existing retaining wall, the excavation of the pit for the tank, the construction of the 5m x 3m tank and the restoration of the wall and the border plants. It was only a fairly small, two month job with a budget of about $300,000.The second site I was assigned to on my first internship was a huge multi-million dollar construction and renovation device of the Holsworthy Army Barracks. On this site, several companies were subcontracted to John Holland to complete specific aspects of the job. Christie Civil had the role of excavating the trenches, laying the storm water pipes and the construction of the roads end-to-end the site.Systems EngineerAs a Systems Engineer I was based in the head office, but was regularly need to visit the different sites and conduct Project Review Meetings (PRMs) with the Foreman or Project Managers. The data from these PRMs were collected and collated to form a set of OHS statistics which aim to compare the number of hours worked, with the number of Work related Incidents (WRIs) and loss time injuries sustained. This allowed the company to gain an overall picture of performance with a focus on Occupational Health and Safety. Also it is a needed procedure to prove the companies safety records and to build the companie s reputation as a safe working company. This is done for the sake of tendering and as documentation in event an authority audits the company. computerAs an estimator I assisted the estimating division in calculating the price of the different jobs for which we were tendering. This knotted communicating with the Senior Estimator and referring to several engineering formings in order to calculate the cost of the processes involved with the different jobs. For example from the engineering drawings we could calculate the approximate volume of material to be excavated. We could therefore approximate the time this would take for a certain excavator to complete, and accordingly we would get several quotes from our subcontractors in order to compile a warlike tender for the prospective client.OtherIn conjunction with the major positions explored above I also had many other less specific roles within the company. Regularly I was hire to drop off tenders, buy tools, conduct dilapidati on reports, collect information regarding potential work sites, print and interpret engineering drawings and go with instructions as needed.Second Internship 2009/2010After my first Internship I felt that I had not learnt as much as I could have at Christie Civil, whence I took up an offer to return to the company for my second internship. During this time, I worked for Christies for over 7 months between July 2009 and February 2010. As a result of my previous experience, I spent less time learning the ins and outs of my role within the company, but rather, was put out on one of the companys major job sites tasteful away.Throughout the course of my second internship I worked on two major sites, the first site involved the upgrade of Hillsborough Rd, a fairly major RTA road located in the heart of Warners Bay near Newcastle. As a site engineer on this particular job I was demand to do much of the same work I had done during my first internship, although having a period of about o ne and a half years away from the company I was fortunate to have another site engineer with me for the first few weeks to remind me of my role. This particular site was unlike any other job I had worked on prior, because the construction client was the RTA. This meant that I was required to consider through and understand many RTA specifications to do with the correct process for the construction of an RTA road, and distribute all the testing and evidence that was need to prove to the RTA that the construction complied with the specifications. Specifically, this involved come inting Hold Point Release Forms (See Appendix A), to the RTA at particular stages of the construction process, and postponement for them to approve the quality of particular aspects of the current construction, before we could continue.Learning OutcomesThe learning outcomes addressed below were chosen because they are not directly looked at elsewhere in the report. Eg. I didnt include the learning outcome about ethics, because it is directly addresses in the Ethics section.to review past experience, so as to plan and touch on for future workplace participation at a graduate and professional level.After reviewing both of my internships, and my university experience as a whole, I think that in the immediate future after graduation, I would like to get a job as a devise engineer to experience a different side of my profession. An older civil engineer said to me when I first began my degree was that in his experience, the best design engineers are the ones who had worked in construction beforehand, because they cognize the practical workings of the job and can apply their experience while designing. So I deliberately went about looking for a job a site engineer for my first and second internships. At university I have enjoyed and found satisfying, the design subjects such as concrete design and steel and caliber design, and could honestly see myself pursuing that sort of thing as a c areer. I would also like to achieve Chartered Professional Engineering spatial relation to further open up opportunities for my career throughout my life.to refine and develop your approach to securing employment for professional engineering practiceSince both of my internships were in construction, I hope to eventually get into engineering design, where I can incorporate the practical experience gained from working on site with the designs I am required to complete. As a result I have been looking out for, and focusing my attention to companies which are actively involved in both the design and construction aspects of engineering. I could use my construction experience to get into the company, and then hopefully move on to more of a design role within the company.to extend your knowledge of workplace cultures and organizational behaviorWorking in the construction in broadcastry, gave me the opportunity to learn about and be amongst two very different workplace cultures. The differ ence between the cultures on site and in the office is extravagant. Workplace culture in the office was professional which meant we were required to wear heave and a collared shirt. The atmosphere in the office was serious compared to the site as most of the people I worked with in the office were skilled engineers and project managers. In the same way, this was confirmed by the fact that everyone worked in their own office, quietly without fuss. On site however, there was many practical jokes and a lot of swearing. Work was done to keep on schedule, but there wasnt a major push for completion. Most days were relatively stress-free and for the most part everyone got along. There was no set time for lunch breaks, and sometimes the opportunity to work through lunch and finish early.to develop a critical basis for understanding principles of management, and of formulation and designThroughout my work experience I have had much more to do with planning and construction rather than des ign. I have worked closely alongside a few different construction managers. I have seen and helped with much of the work they do and seen what is required of them to get the job done. Similarly I have been assigned to construction projects from their approachning, and have been involved in the initial planning of a job. My work experience also has been complimented with subjects I have examine at university, such as construction and Engineering Project Management, whereas subjects like Concrete Design and Steel and Timber Design, have introduced me to the foundational concepts behind design, which I hope will someday come into use in the near future during my career.to develop and demonstrate effective communication skills appropriate to professional engineering converse was one of the essential skills I needed in order to complete my job properly. As explored above, working in the different workplace cultures of site and the office, required me to be able to communicate effecti vely, with different types of people. Typically, when in the office I would be talking to engineers and Project Managers. As a result, the conversations were generally more technically based often referring to specific design specifications and engineering drawings. On site however, conversations, if about work, were regarding the practical aspects of the construction such as get the grader to trim the road base down 20mm.to relate the theoretical knowledge gained in your experience to your studies, so as to be able to apply it in your capstone projectDuring my internships, I found that a lot of the material and engineering knowledge I had gained at university was reinforced through my practical experience. Subjects such as Surveying, Construction and Engineering Project Management provided invaluable preparation for what I was to learn while working on construction sites throughout Sydney. Working on site, however, helped me to see the bigger picture of civil engineering and how e ach stage of the engineering process from initial conception, to design and finally construction of a project, is just as important as each other. Other subjects such as Steel and Timber Design and Concrete Design also introduced me to the other side of engineering, which I am yet to experience in a workplace environment. All of this experience will prove to be a great resource to draw from when complemental my Capstone.to identify opportunities to extend your engineering knowledgeSince I have had all of my experience within the construction aspect of Civil Engineering, I would like to initially pursue a career within a design consulting company so I can broaden my experience. I have enjoyed completing subjects such as steel and timber design, and concrete design and would love the challenge of applying the skills I have learnt in those subjects, as well as getting a more detailed understanding of engineering design within the real world. Also I love the idea of residential design , and hopefully one day with enough experience, I might be able to design my own house.to develop strategies for collaborative and life-long learningI have found that one of the most simple and beneficial practices to undertake for lifelong learning are to asking questions. The field of Civil Engineering is so broad, that it is rare to find an engineer that can be an expert at it all. Hence, during my internships, I needed to ask questions, not only to understand what I needed to do as a site engineer, but also to understand the reasons for doing such things like environmental inspection reports, or for using material such as heavily frame in road base, as opposed to crushed sandstone, during the construction of roads.to develop strategies to secure mentoring and to promote team workWhile working for Christie Civil, I was basically assigned to assisting one particular project manager on all of his sites. The Project Manager became sort of a mentor to me, as he would be the first p erson I would contact if I had any questions or issues. In the same way, I have an uncle and a few friends whom are experienced Civil Engineers, and I have often asked for their advice while unsure about particular assignments while at university. During my career, if the company I work for doesnt assign me to a mentor specifically, I would go about seeking someone within the company who would be happy to sit down with me to answer any questions I might have, also I hopefully would still be able to talk to my uncle and civil engineering friends if they work within the same sector of civil engineering.to think over on, and constructively review, your colleagues practice to help them in their academic, professional and personal developmentThe main place I have been in a position to constructively review colleagues work is at university. As an intern I certainly wasnt in a position to constructively review my Project Managers work, however, I was required to train up another intern, a nd in doing so I needed to teach him how, and to review the work he had done. In particular, there was one condition where he completed a Project Review Meeting but it was not done in enough detail, so I had to review it with him, and highlight the main areas of concern before filing the report. At university however I have worked on plenty of group assignments, where I have been required to constructively review members of my groups work. Recently, I found a mistake in one of the other group members work for a computer modeling and design assignment. I went over and gently demonstrateed out the mistake, but it still took further explanation to convince her that she was wrong.Career Episode ReportsCareer Episode rubric Road Extension, Templar Rd Erskine layDates of Career Episode 01.11.09 to 01.12.09Length of Career Episode 30 daysCompetency chemical element ClaimedThis project involved the extension of Templar Rd, Erskine Park further into an industrial area, to accommo age for the increase in traffic to the area as a result of new major industrial developments in the area. My role as a site engineer was basically to act as a bridge between the office and this site, maintain and upkeep of the QA Documentation, collaborate with the head and laborers and liaise with the project manager.While I was working here, I was regularly required to manage my own time and processes. I often would move between the office and the site to attend meetings, run errands and deliver items of significance such as inspection reports. To make the most out of each day, I would plan my time and roadway accordingly to avoid peak hour traffic and determine the most efficient way to complete my tasks.Often during the day, I would be required to conduct with change, both in my own daily schedule or in the final design of the project. Sometimes I would be on site and I would get a call from the company manager asking if I could run an errand for him. On one particular occasion, I w as asked to drive back to the company office to pick up some important tender documents and drop them off at the Sydney Water head office. I was required to re-adjust my schedule for that day, and rate my tasks and complete them accordingly. Similarly, throughout the project there were several design changes. Initially as part of the project we were required to build a large twist bay towards the end of the road, which was designed so large trucks would have easy access in and out of the surrounding industrial warehouses. Just as we were preparing to begin the excavation for this part of the road, the client changed the design and totally removed the turning bay. I was required to adapt and change a lot of the QA documentation such as Inspection Test Plans (ITPs) and the Lot Plans, in order to accommodate for the design change.On site, I was required to complete surveying and leveling tasks in a timely manner. Due to the nature of the site, the client, Penrith City Council, would send out a senior engineer to inspect the levels of each layer of the road to gibe that we were building the road to the design levels. I was responsible for ensuring these levels were correct before the senior engineer arrived to inspect. I did this by calculating the design levels from the engineering drawings and then using a laser level to check the actual road level. If the actual level did not match the design level I would ask the grader operator to adjust the actual levels appropriately, all before the arrival of the Penrith City Councils Senior Engineer.C3.1 Manages SelfC3.1aC3.1eC3.1c skin senses of Candidate Candidates coupon/s refer Verifier Engineering Qualifications ..I verify that the above narrative is a true account of the candidates own workVerifier Signature Career Episode Title Hillsborough Rd Upgrade, Warners Bay (part 1)Dates of Career Episode 05.07.09 to 20.08.09Length of Career Episode 45 daysCompetency Element ClaimedThis project involved the upgrade of H illsborough Rd, Warners Bay to concord and accommodate for the construction of a new shopping complex which serviced the Warners Bay and greater Newcastle area. As a site engineer on this site I was required to travel up to Newcastle and spend several days a week supervising, and maintaining all the QA Documentation, whilst collaborating with the client to ensure that the road was constructed according to the design.My role in particular required a lot of communication. I was constantly asking questions, writing emails, sending reports and confirming meetings with my Project Manager, the client and the site foreman. This in itself required me to change the way I communicate, depending on whom I was talking to. For example, there is a very different workplace culture on site with the foreman and laborers on site, compared to the office with the Project Managers and Engineers. I would have to change my approach to communication and language I would use, depending on the context. When talking to my project manager, or the client, I generally would talk with technical terminology, talking about specific aspects of testing such as the RTA approved NAASRA Road Roughness Test or I would make reference to specific reports such as ITPs (Inspection Test Plan) or Hold Points which were required by the client at the end of the job.On one particular occasion, I was required to prepare all the site documentation for an external audit conducted by a company called SAI Global. It took about a week to get everything in order, and I was quite nervous because the auditor was basically going to be rating the organization and completeness of the site documentation and hence, my performance as a site engineer. At the end of the audit, the SAI Global representative highlighted only 2 minor areas which could be improved. My Project Manager turned around and move my hand and said good job and that he was not really concerned about the minor issues. This event helped me to develop an d maintain the trust of and impudence of my project manager and the other staff involved, that I was capable of performing to the required standard.As an Intern working on this site, I came across many new and different materials and processes used to build this road, compared to what I had encountered before. As an RTA road, the material was generally to be of higher quality, with better materials used and significantly more austere testing done during construction. As a result I consistently needed to seek answers from internal (my project manager), and the external (the client representative) sources. I asked questions about the benefits of using particular materials (such as Heavily Bound fundament, a road base with fly ash and other cement-like properties.)C3.2 Works Effectively with PeopleSignature of Candidate Candidates Verifier/s Name Verifier Engineering Qualifications ..I verify that the above narrative is a true account of the candidates own workVerifier Signature Car eer Episode Title Hillsborough Rd Upgrade, Warners Bay (part 2)Dates of Career Episode 21.08.09 to 15.10.09Length of Career Episode 60 daysCompetency Element ClaimedThis project involved the upgrade of Hillsborough Rd, Warners Bay to coincide and accommodate for the construction of a new shopping complex which serviced the Warners Bay and greater Newcastle area. For the second half of this project I continued working as a site engineer, however as the job neared its conclusion, I was required to focus more on finalizing the official documentation to be submitted to and signed off by the RTA representative.In order to understand what exactly was required by the RTA, I need to read through, understand and constantly refer to the RTA Road Construction specifications. Whenever I found the specifications to be ambiguous, I contacted the RTA Rep for clarification as to what he actually required, hence I identified the clients needs. These specifications required me to regularly complete a nd submit Hold Point and Witness Point Forms to the RTA Representative at critical stages of the construction process. On one occasion the hold points were sent back before being signed off because they did not contain enough detail. For example, A hold point form was required to be submitted before the construction of each new layer of the road. On this particular instant I submitted the hold point form outlining that the previously completed layer (e.g. the crushed sandstone) had passed all the geotechnical tests and asking for permission to continue with the next layer. The RTA rep then sent the hold point from back and outlined that I needed to be more specific about the chainages where the crushed sandstone had been tested and passed.One of the major set of documents I was required to submit to the RTA was the ITPs or Inspection Test Plans. These were Christie Civil Documents that detailed the methods of construction and testing of each construction process throughout the entir e job, e.g., Heavily bound base, violent storm water, Asphalt etc. It also required the site engineer and client to sign off after each process had been completed. For example, the ITP for the Heavily Bound Base stated the specific type of material to be used, the level of compaction which was to be achieved and the methods of testing among other things. As the job went on, it was my role to sign off on each of the ITP processes once they had been completed. I then regularly submitted these reports to the client to document the companys progress, before finally submitting the entire completed set of ITPs, along with all of the Hold points and Witness Points, and other required documents, as one complete record of the job.C3.5 Maintains customer focus and relationships with clientsSignature of Candidate Candidates Verifier/s Name Verifier Engineering Qualifications ..I verify that the above narrative is a true account of the candidates own workVerifier Signature Social certificate of indebtednessSocial Responsibility has become one of, if not the forefront issue in engineering in the last twenty years. A civil engineer is responsible and accountable to rest of society for designing, engineering and constructing in a way which will not harm or have dire consequences for the surrounding environment and its occupants. During my internships I found that the two major ways in which Christie Civil work towards a sustainable future is firstly through the taproom of contamination, and secondly through recycling.On almost every site I went on, there were different measures taken to prevent the pollution of the surrounding areas. While I worked in Cronulla, we temporarily installed a silt boom in the section of the lake nearest to the site. This was to prevent dust and silt and any other form of pollution from the site, from leaking into the inborn environment. Similarly, on the Holsworthy site, we temporarily installed small silt filters above all the stormwater dr ains in the area for the same reason. The use of a water cart to keep the ground moist was a common tool to prevent the spread of dust, whereas every truck (including its wheels) needed to be relatively clean before leaving site, so that any mud or other material on the truck would not get accidentally dropped in public.In the same way, on the Warners Bay and Erskine Park sites I worked on silt fences were installed around all the storm water drains in the area, so as to prevent dirt and dust and other materials from entering the drain and being spread into the environment. On these sites in particular, Christie Civil hired a bobcat with a sweeper extension to continually sweep the existing road of any debris and excess material carried off by delivery vehicles, to prevent the material being spread into the natural environment.During my experience, I found that engineers also generally prefer to recycle materials, not only for sustainable reasons, but because it saves money. For ex ample, on the Holsworthy site we were required to construct roads. This involved the detailed excavation, laying and compaction of road base and then finally the laying and compaction of asphalt. In this instance, on another one of the companys sites, they were getting rid of tonnes of sandstone. Fortunately for us, the sandstone complied with the Australian Standards for a road base. Consequently, the project manager at Holsworthy recycled the sandstone from another site, by re-using it as road base.Ethical PracticeEthics is basically the moral code or set of standards to which someone has been shaped as a result of their culture, religion or society. As a result, ethics is a totally subjective concept, in that something that I might consider wrong or inappropriate might be ok for someone else. Nevertheless the unassumingness of ethics cannot be underestimated. I believe that ethics is an especially important topic for the civil engineer, as what they do has a direct impact on soc iety as a whole. Thus, the consequences of bad decisions could possibly have huge ramifications. For me personally, my ethical framework has been predominantly shaped by my Christian faith.One of the major ethical issue I faced while on my internship, involved the project manager and project foreman asking everyone to sign a Safe Work Method Statement which they had changed but dated it as if it was months earlier. The incident arose after an excavator nearly hit some overhead power lines. Upon realizing that this issue had not been highlighted in the Safe Work Method Statement (which should be signed upon induction), the project manager edited the document, including the new issue and re-printed it. He then asked all the laborers and other people involved to sign the SWMS as if it were months earlier, when they signed the original document. In my integrity, I couldnt sign the document and lie about the date on which it had been signed. Fortunately since the document outlined the pr ocess for bulk and detailed excavation, it wasnt too important that I didnt sign it, as I had little to do with the physical work in this area.On a similar occasion, while I was working on the Hillsborough Rd, Warners Bay site, one of the young laborers was caught by the police, thrust a work truck without a licence on a small public ro

Idiopathic parkinsons disease

Idiopathic parkinsons maladyIntroduction Idiopathic Parkinsons malady (IPD) is a movement disorder associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the development of Lewy bodies. A reduction in median(prenominal) striatal dopamine levels of 80% or more results in the cardinal symptoms of IPD, namely bradykinesia, rigidity, rest tremors and postural instability (1). Although the motor symptoms of Parkinsons disorder are well defined, the non-motor features of this disorder are chthonian-recognized and, consequently, undertreated. Non-motor symptoms and their management have been recognised by the UK National Institute for Clinical honesty as an important unmet need in IPD (2). Results from a recent international survey show that up to 62% of non-motor symptoms of IPD, such as apathy, pain, sexual difficulties, bowel, urinary incontinence, and sleep disorders might remain undeclared to health-care professionals because patients are either embarrassed or u naware that the symptoms are linked to IPD (3). Results from early studies paint a pictureed that urinary disfunction (UD) affects among 37% and 70% of individuals with IPD (4). However, many of these studies may have overestimated the prevalence of UD since they were published prior to the recognition of ninefold system atrophy (MSA) as a founder disease entity. In addition, many studies recruited patients with symptomatic bladder dysfunction from tertiary referral centers. The use of non-validated questionnaires and the inclusion of patients with some other forms of shaking palsy such as cerebrovascular paralysis agitans may have led to further bias (5). More recent studies, using accepted diagnostic criteria for IPD, have found the prevalence of UD to be in the midst of 27% and 39%. When compared to a control group the relative risk of bladder symptoms in IPD is 2-fold (6). The aim of this work is to evaluate the urinary symptoms at incompatible set ups of IPD unfeelin gness and its relation to urodynamic tests.Patients and methods This study was conducted on 57 patients with probable IPD attending Urology and Neurology de cave inments, Tanta University Hospital for valuations of the sink urinary leaflet symptoms. ALL patients were subjected to, invoice taking including International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), physical examination and neurological examinations. IPD patients were stratified into 5 stages according to Hoehn Yahr disability stages (7). The IPSS questionnaire was administrated to each patient by one of us to help the patient understand the questionnaire. All men underwent digital rectal examinations and pelvic ultrasonography to exclude prostate hyperplasia. Eight patients diagnosed with prostatic hyperplasia were excluded from the study. All patients (49 patients) were subjected to urodynamic studies.Statistical analysis Data are presented as beggarly SD. Analysis was performed with SPSS statistical package version 12 (S PSS, USA). For statistical purpose the disease bad stages were divided into mild (stages 1 and 2 HY), moderate (stage 3 HY) and severe (stages 4 and 5 HY). ResultsDemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients This study was carried on 49 patients with probable IPD, 31 male patients and 18 female patients, their age ranged from 56-73 years ( think up 63.737.21 years).The duration of illness was 4-11 years (mean 7.813.27 years).According to Hoehn and Yaher classification of Parkinsons disease disability stage, we had 4,10,29,5,1 patients distributed into stages 1 to 5 respectively. The number of patients in stage 3 was higher than other stages this may be due to few lower urinary symptoms in early stage of the disease and severe motor and psychiatric symptoms that affect daily life activities in advanced stages. Antiparkinsonian drugs received by the patients were levodopa (41patients), dopamine agonists (39 patients) and anticholinergics (24 patients).Lower urinary tract symptoms The most frequent symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunctions were symptoms due to storage disorder which include nocturia (77.5%), urgency (36.7%) and frequency (32.6%) (Table 1). The IPSS index scores The supply IPSS scores and irritative index scores were correlated substantively with disease severity while obstructive index scores did not (Table 2). Also, there was significant correlation betwixt total IPSS score and quality of life score (Table 3).Urodynamic parameters In this study, we found 33 (67.3%) patients with detrusor hyper reflexia, 6 (12.2%) patients with hyporeflexia, 10 (20.4%) patients with normal detrusor function (Table 4). mickle at initial want to void and upper limit bladder capacity (urodynamic parameters associated with filling phase) were correlated with disease severity while detrusor pressure and post-void residual urine(urodynamic parameters associated with liquidation phase) did not (Table 5).There was significant correlation between ir ritative symptoms score index and al-Quran at initial desire to void and maximum bladder capacity meanwhile the obstructive symptoms score index had no significant relations with any of urodynamic parameters (Table 6).Antiparkinsonian drugs The patients were divided into 2 groups, one group was taking anticholinergic drugs (24 patients) nonnegative Levodopa or dopamine agonists, the second group was taking Levodopa and dopamine agonists(25 patients). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups as regard the mean of urodynamic parameters (Table 7). Table 1. Frequency of the of lower urinary tract symptoms of IPD patients Symptoms PatientsNO%Nocturia3877.5Urgency1836.7Frequency1632.6Incomplete emptying48.1Intermittency36.1Weak stream12 Table 2. Total, irritative, and obstructive symptom indexes of IPSS at each stage of disease severity Stages of disease severity No PtsMean IPSSSD plagueyobstructivetotalMild(stages 1,2)146.32.11.41.27.62.4Moderate(stage 3)297.93.23.32.6 11.24.5 relentless(stages 4,5)610.42.76.23.516.65.1 One-way ANOVA P =0.001 Table 3. Correlation between IPSS and Quality of life scores at different stages of disease severity Stages of disease severity Total I-PSS meanSDQuality of life score meanSDMild (stages 1,2)7.62.42.81.9Moderate (stage 3)11.24.53.71.4Severe (stages 4,5)16.65.15.21.1One-way ANOVA P=0.003 Table 4. The frequency of urodynamic findings in IPD patients Stages of HY No. PtsNormalHyperreflexiaHyporeflexia1431021037032942054504151010Total No. (%)4910(20.4)33(67.3)6(12.2) Table 5. Urodynamic parameters at different stages of severity of IPD Stages of disease severity Volume at initial desire to void (meanSD)(ml.)Maximum bladder capacity (meanSD)(ml.)Maximum void phase. detrusor pressure (meanSD)(cm.water) emplacement-void residual urine volume. (meanSD)(ml.)Mild (14Pts) one hundred fifteen 28195 6055 1513 12Moderate (29Pts)95 25191 5957 2020 18Severe (6Pts)89 20184 5659 252220One-way ANOVA P=0.006 Table 6. Correlatio n between urodynamic parameters and IPSS scores Urodynamic parameters Irritative scoreObstructive scoreRPrPInitial void desire vol.0.950.0010.920.35Max Bladder capacity0.760.040.680.27Detruser pressure0.960.240.890.17Post residual Urine Vol.0.890.430.940.06 Table 7. Correlation between urodynamic parameters (storage phase parameters) and antiparkisonian drugs Urodynamic parameters Anticholinergic drug group N0=24Non anticholinergic drug group No=25PInitial void desire vol.1022797250.05Max Bladder capacity19258188560.05Discussion Urinary dysfunction in IPD is most frequently caused byurinary storage problems, rather than voiding dysfunction, and manifest as an overactive bladder (8). In the current study, the most prevailing urinary symptom in IPD, was nocturia (up to 77.5%), followed by urgency (36.7%) and frequency (32.6%) and these results are going with previous studies (9, 10). These may curb to urinary incontinence, which may be in part functional if immobility or poor manual dexterity complicates the blot. Since many patients with IPD have a disturbed sleep pattern and nocturnal polyuria, the demonstrable prevalence of definite nocturia may be overestimated (12). In this study, the most striking finding of bladder dysfunction in IPD patients is detrusor hyperreflexia, which is reported in 67.3% of symptomatic patients whereas detrusor hyporeflexia is reported in 12.2% of IPD patients and normal bladder function in 20.4%. Another study which evaluated voiding function in IPD found that 67% had detrusor hyperreflexia, 16% had hyporeflexia, 9% had detrusor hypereflexia with impaired contractile function, 3% had hyperreflexia with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and only 6% had normal detrusor functions (11). Dopaminergic mechanisms are thought to play a central role in normal micturition control and dysfunction of these may lead to detrusor overactivity. Dopaminergic neurons have both surmountory and stimulatory effects on micturition acting via D1 and D2 receptors respectively. Such neurons are of detail abundance in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain. The most widely accepted theory is that the basal ganglia inhibits the micturition reflex in the normal situation via D1 receptors, and that cell depletion in the SNC in IPD, results in loss of this D1-mediated inhibition and consequently detrusor overactivity (12). However, 12.2% of our patients had hyporeflexia which may be explained possibly by drugs especially anticholinergic and dopammiergic drugs which can inhibit bladder function and impairment of autonomic nervous system in advanced IPD. In this study, both pathological urodynamic parameters, volume at initial desire to void and maximum bladder capacity decreased with disease severity. These findings can be explained by detrusor hyperactivity. In contrast, other studies showed that post-void residual urine volume change magnitude with disease severity (13, 14). Th is finding was not fully understood, but this was explained on the assumption that with advanced disease process, long standing hyperreflexia may eventually lead to impairment of bladder contractility together with the hypokinesia of pelvic floor muscles resulting in bladder outlet obstruction with consequent increase in post-void residual urine volume (13, 14). Others believe that they may be secondary to anticholinergics, obstructive uropathy, or point to the presence of multiple system atrophy (15). Because many IPD patients are on multiple drug therapy, which can inhibit bladder function, the current study, demonstrated that the mean of urodynamic parameters did not differ in patients who did or did not receive anticholinergics or dopaminergic drugs, which suggests that it is part of the IPD itself. These results are going with that of Araki et al. (11), who found no difference in the mean of urodynamic parameters among patients on different antiparkinsonian drugs (11). On the o ther hand, many studies showed conflicting results(16-18)that some suggest cortical dysfunction (18) or a possible implication of nondopaminergic lesions in the occurrence of bladder dysfunction in IPD (16). Lower urinary tract symptoms quantified by IPSS showed that irritative symptoms index score correlated with disease severity and with detrusor overactivity that was manifested urodynamically by decrease in volume at initial desire to void and maximum bladder capacity(storage phase) whereas the obstructive symptoms index score did not correlate with disease severity nor urodynamic parameters. In contrast, some other studies show that, irritative symptoms index score correlated with detrusor overactivity and obstructive symptoms index score correlated with voiding underactivity. Additionally, both irritative and obstructive symptom index scores increased with disease severity (13, 21).This discrepancy between the present study and other studies may be explained by fewer numbers of patients in advanced disease stage and the patients evaluated under multiple drugs therapy in advanced disease. In conclusion, most of the patients with IPD suffer from urological disorder most commonly is detrusor hyperactivity which results in irritative urinary symptoms that correlate well with disease severity. These disabling symptoms significantly affect quality of life of IPD patients. References 1-Clarke C. Parkinsons disease in practice. 2nd ed. London Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd 2006 2-Chaudhuri KR, Healy D, Schapira AHV. The non motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease. diagnosing and management. Lancet Neurol 2006 5 235-45. 3-Mitra T, Naidu Y, Martinez-Martin P, et al. The non declaration of non motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease to healthcare professionals. An international survey using the NMSQuest. 6th International Congress on Mental Dysfunctions and other Non-motor Features in Parkinsons disease and Related Disorders. Dresden October, 2008. Park Related Dis ordersP0II 161. 4-Andersen J. Disturbances of bladder and urethral function in Parkinsons disease. International Urol and Nephrol 19851735-41. 5.Blackett H, go-cart R, Wood B. Urinary dysfunction in Parkinsons disease a review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009 Feb15(2)81-7. 6- Hobson P, Islam W, Roberts S, Adhiyman V, Meara J. The risk of bladder and autonomic dysfunction in a community cohort of Parkinsons disease patients and normal controls. Parkinsonism Related Disorders 2003 1067-71. 7-Gelb DJ, Oliver E, Gilman S. Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 19995633-39. 8-Eckhardt MD, van Venrooij GE, Boon TA Symptoms and quality of life versus age, prostate volume, and urodynamic parameters in 565 strictly selected men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2001 Apr 57(4)695-700. 9-Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism onset, progression and mortality. Neurology 1967 17 427. 10-Defreitas GA, Lemack GE, Zimmern PE, Dewey RB, R oehrborn CG, OSuilleabhain PE. Distinguishing neurogenic from non-neurogenic detrusor overactivity A urodynamic assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with and without Parkinsons disease. Urology2003 Oct62(4)651-5. 11-Araki I, Kuno S. Assessment of voiding dysfunction in Parkinsons disease by the international prostate symptom score. J Neurol Neurosurg and Psych 200068429-433. 12- Porter B, Walker R. The night time problems facing Parkinsons patients. CME J Geriat Med 2007899-103. 13- Araki I, Kitahara M, Oida T, Kuno S. Voiding dysfunction and Parkinsons disease urodynamic abnormalities and urinary symptoms. J Urol2000 Nov164(5)1640-3. 14-Seki S, Igawa Y, Kaidoh K, Ishizuka O, Nishizawa O, Andersson KE. Role of dopamine D1 and D1 receptors in the micturition reflex in conscious rats. Neurourol Urody2001 20105-13. 15-Yoshimura N, Mizuta E, Yoshida O, Kuno S. Therapeutic effects of dopamine D1/D2 receptor agonists on detrusor hyperreflexia in MPTP lesioned parkinsonia n cynomoglogous monkeys. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 1998286(1)228-233. 16-Pavlakis AJ, Siroky MB, Goldstein I and Krane RJ. Neurourologic findings in Parkinsons disease. J Urol 1983 12980-83. 17-Stocchi F, Carbone A, Inghilleri, et al. Urodynamic and neurophysiological evaluation in Parkinsons disease and multiple systems atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 199762507-11. 18-Wing K, Werdelin L, Nielson K, Stimpel H. Effects of dopaminergic treatment on bladder function in Parkinsons disease. Neurourol Urodyn 200423689-96. 19-Aranda B, Cramer P. Effects of apomorphine and L-dopa on the Parkinsonian bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 199312203-209. 20-Christmas TJ, Chapple CR, Lees AJ, Kempster PA, Frankel JP, Stern GM. Role of subcutaneous apomorphine in parkinsonian voiding dysfunction. Lancet1988 Dec 24-312(8626-8627)1451-1453. 21- Dubow JS. Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinsons disease. Dis Mon 200753265-274.

Wire Metamaterials-Based Microring Resonator

Wire Metamaterials-Based Microring ResonatorWire Metamaterials-Based Microring Resonator in Subwavelength StructureAhmed A. Ali, Mohanned J. and A. H. Al-JanabiAbstractIn this work we gratuity the possibility of building a subwavelength microring resonator by manipulating the unite cell in the wire metamaterials. The proposed structure consist of mesh of copper wires. Firstly one-dimensional waveguide, bended waveguide as well as beam splitter were investigated at microwave range (737 MHZ), accordingly the full structure of microring resonator were well-tried using commercial finite difference package CST Microwave.IntroductionNatural materials atomic number 18 made up by lots and lots of small elements like atoms and molecules. Some of these materials are amorphous, others are crystalline 1. Our main interest is in the interplay of waves and materials restricted to classical physics, the key parameter is a/, where a is the distance mingled with elements in the material and i s the free-space wavelength. Artificial materials in which atoms and molecules are replaced by macroscopic, man-made, elements 2. All dimensions are bigger than those in natural materials. When the separation between the elements is comparable with the wavelength then we have the Bragg effect 34, and when the separation is much smaller than the wavelength then we can resort to useful-medium theory 4. In the former case we have talked about photonic bandgap materials 5 and in the latter case about metamaterials 6.Generally, PCs are composed of periodic dielectric or metallo-dielectric na nary(prenominal)tructures that have alternating low and high dielectric constant materials (refractive index) in one, two, and three dimensions, which affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves inside the structure 7. Due to this periodicity, PCs exhibit a unique optical property, namely, a photonic band gap (PBG) where electromagnetic mode propagation is absolutely zero due to reflection. PBG is the range of frequencies that neither absorbs light nor allows light propagation. By introducing a defect (point or line or both) in these structures, the periodicity and thus the completeness of the band gap are broken and the propagation of light can be localized in the PBG region. Such an sequel allows realization of a wide variety of active and passive devices for signal processing such as, add-drop filters, power splitters, multiplexers and demultiplexers, triplexers, switches, directional couplers, bandstop filters, bandpass filters, and waveguides.However, because of their wavelength-scale period, PCs result in large devices. This hard restrains the range of applications, specifically in the low-frequency regimes where the wavelength is large. Metamaterials, on the contrary, possess spatial scales typically much smaller than the wavelength1Since they were theoretically proposed by Pendry et al 8, and experimentally demonstrated by Smith et al.9, metamaterials have attrac ted intensive research interest from microwave engineers and physicists in recent years because of their wide applications in super-lenses 6, 10, slow light 11, 12, optical faulting 13, and wave guiding 14, 15Metamaterials are usually studied under the approach of the effective medium theory and experimentally measured from the far airfield 4. They are mainly considered for their macroscopic properties owing to the subwavelength nature of their unit cells.Recently, Fabrice Lemoult et al 16 have merged the wave guiding possibilities offered by PCs and the kabbalistic subwavelength nature of metamaterials by pore on the propagation of waves in metamaterials made of resonant unit cells that are arranged on a deep subwavelength scale to go beyond the effective medium approximation. By manipulating the unit cell of the wire they were able to experimentally investigate the main components that can be used to control waves at the deep subwavelength scale a cavity, a linear waveguide, b ending as well as the beam splitterHere we were be able to model their trunk first using the CST Microwave studio. Then we would expand the work to make a ring resonator used as add-drop filter or to built the field up to gain the nonlinear effect.Firstly the frequency response for the system were measured for a mesh of 20*20 Copper wires with 0.3cm diam and 1.2cm separation 40cm (a) and length by measuring the S21 between two discrete ports position on the opposite side of the system, as shown in the system mannikin figure (1), then the result were compared with the same structure but with 37cm length as shown in figure (2).figure (1) structure for the system under consideration, 20*20 Copper wiresFigure (2) S21 for the both wire lengths with the frequency selective lineThe scanned bandwidth was about 300MHz from (600-900) MHz, then a certain frequency (737MHz) were selected on which the shortstop wires (37cm) would have maximum transmission and the foresighteder ones (40cm) wires would have the lower transmission (band gap region slightly above the resonance frequency of fn=nC/2L, were n an integer C speed of light, Lwire length). Linear waveguide were investigated by shorting a single raw of wires (37cm) inside the 20*20 mesh of (40cm) wires and arranging the field propagation on the waveguide as shown in figure (3), profile of the signal inside the waveguide illustrated in the inset give the waveguide width of /32Figure (3) subwavelength waveguide by shorting one row of the wiresIt clearly shows the weak propagation on the system due to weak handicap between our unit cell, wires here,. Anyhow the counter plot for the waveguide, shown in figure (4), clearly shows the resonance around the short wires and forbidden propagation around long ones.Figure (4) subwavelength waveguide by shorting one row of the wires (contour view)To enhance the coupling between the unit cells (wires here) and increase the waveguide efficiency two adjacent rows of wires wer e shortened. The field map for the latter case were presented in figure (5).Figure (5) subwavelength waveguide by shorting two rows of the wires (showing good coupling)Bended waveguide and beam splitter were simulate also as shown in figures (6 and 7) respectively.Figure (6) subwavelength bended waveguideFigure (7) subwavelength beam splitterFinally, the complicated structure of microring resonator were molded as shown in figure (8)Figure (8) subwavelength ring resonatorReferences1N. D. Ashcroft, NeilW. and Mermin, Solid state physics, First. Orlando, FL Saunders College Publishing, 1976.2D. Smith, W. Padilla, D. Vier, S. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 84, no. 18, pp. 41847, May 2000.3C. J. Humphreys, The significance of Braggs law in electron diffraction and microscopy, and Braggs second law., Acta Crystallogr. A., vol. 69, no. Pt 1, pp. 4550, Jan. 2013.4B. A. Slovick, Z. G. Yu, and S. Krishnamurthy, Generalized effective-medium theory for metamaterials, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 89, no. 15, p. 155118, Apr. 2014.5S. Arismar Cerqueira, Recent progress and novel applications of photonic crystal fibers, Reports Prog. Phys., vol. 73, no. 2, p. 024401, Feb. 2010.6J. B. Pendry, Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 85, no. 18, pp. 39663969, Oct. 2000.7E. Yablonovitch, T. Gmitter, and K. Leung, Photonic band structure The face-centered-cubic case employing nonspherical atoms, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 67, no. 17, pp. 22952298, Oct. 1991.8W. J. Pendry, J.B. Holden, A.J. Robbins, D.J. Stewart, Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 47, pp. 20752084, 1999.9S. Shelby, R.A. Smith, D.R. Schultz, experimental verification of a negative index of refraction, Science (80-. )., vol. 292, pp. 7779, 2001.10N. Fang, H. Lee, C. Sun, and X. Zhang, Sub-diffraction-limited optical imaging with a silver superl ens., Science, vol. 308, no. 5721, pp. 5347, Apr. 2005.11Q. Bai, C. Liu, J. Chen, C. Cheng, M. Kang, and H.-T. Wang, Tunable slow light in semiconducting material metamaterial in a broad terahertz regime, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 107, no. 9, p. 093104, May 2010.12R. Singh, C. Rockstuhl, F. Lederer, and W. Zhang, Coupling between a dark and a bright eigenmode in a terahertz metamaterial, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 79, no. 8, p. 085111, Feb. 2009.13H. Kind, H. Yan, B. Messer, M. Law, and P. Yang, Nanowire Ultraviolet Photodetectors and Optical Switches, Adv. Mater., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 158160, Jan. 2002.14A. Wang, A. Tuniz, P. G. Hunt, E. M. Pogson, R. A. Lewis, A. Bendavid, S. C. Fleming, B. T. Kuhlmey, and M. C. J. Large, Fiber metamaterials with negative magnetic permeability in the terahertz, Opt. Mater. Express, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 115, Apr. 2011.15A. Argyros, Microstructures in Polymer Fibres for Optical Fibres, THz Waveguides, and Fibre-Based Metamaterials Open entry Library. Online. Avai lable http//www.oalib.com/paper/2813112.U_EI7mPFNDQ. Accessed 17-Aug-2014.16F. Lemoult, N. Kaina, M. Fink, and G. Lerosey, Wave propagation control at the deep subwavelength scale inmetamaterials, Nat. Phys., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 5560, Nov. 2012.

The Holocaust and the Cambodian Genocide: Similar or different? How ab

Evil doesnt even begin to cover it. The mass murder of millions of people. The complete obliteration of an full(a) society. Each and every genocide has the same core principles, but a distinct face. A dictator takes over a weak country with promises of move it to its former glory, once he has every ones support, he implements extremely discriminatory laws and finds reasons to kill anyone who dares oppose him. The final solution and the Cambodian genocides are remarkably similar, and yet strikingly different. The Holocaust was an attempt to wipe out all Jews and other minorities such as gypsies and handicapped people. The Cambodian genocide, led by Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, was in some ways a mirror image of the Holocaust, but it happened forty-two years later. On the other hand, there are many more that one distinction that sets Cambodia apart from all other genocides. Although the two genocides are quite different at a first glance, they are interestingly similar upon deeper in spection. For starters, the Holocaust is best known for its brutal and inhumane treatment of prisoners, such as tattooing a number on their arm against their will and feeding them sustenance that is non even fit for dogs to consume (Holocaust). It may be shocking for some people to hear that in Cambodia, it was just as atrocious, maybe even worse. During the Khmer Rouge takeover in 1975 most Cambodians were forced to leave their homes on such short notice that numerous families were killed on cite for not evacuating quickly enough. Those lucky enough to escape immediate death were forced to work, unpaid, in labor camps until the fatigue wore down their immune system and they died of some reprehensible disease (Genocide). Another intriguing similarity betw... .../www.yale.edu/cgp/chron.html.Eight Stages of Genocides. Genocides and Conflicts. William Mitchell College of Law, 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. .Genocide- Cambodia. Talking About Genocide - Genocides. Peace Pledge Union, n.d . Web. 15 Apr. 2014. .Holocaust, 1933-1945, The World Without Genocide. William Mitchell College of Law, 2013. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. .January, Brendan. Genocide Modern Crimes Against Humanity. Minneapolis Twenty-First Century Books, 2007. Print.Walker, Luke. Cambodian Genocide. World Without Genocide. William Mitchell College of Law, 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. .

Historical References to Faust Essay example -- Faust History Literatu

Historical References to FaustFaust IPrologue in Heaven The scene begins with the ternary Archangels, Raphael, Gabriel, andMichael, confessing their inability to comprehend the awe-inspiringworks of God.In the Christian tradition, archangels are angels of thehighest rank and are associated with certain functions orresponsibilities.In Prologue in Heaven, they personify the cosmosRaphael describes and represents the heavens, Gabriel the earth, andMichael the elements. Mephistopheles.Goethes stupefy is inspired by a number of differentliterary sources, not just Christian. The basic structure of the dialogue between the Lord andMephistopheles is inspired by the first two chapters of The book ofJob, in which Satan obtains permission from God to try and tempt Jobto do evil. Faust. The real Georg (or Johann) Faust was born in 1480 and died in1540. Although contemporary sources suggest he was quite well known inGermany during his lifetime, his fame and notoriety is the result ofan incredib ly popular collection of (barely believable) anecdotes andstories about him called Volksbuch, which was published in 1587. TheVolksbuch was an important source of inspiration to Goethe and otherauthors as they wrote about Faust.Night The opening monologue is an indirect adaptation of ChristopherMarlowes The Tragical history of dilute Faustus. Faust has in his possession a book by Nostradamus (1503-66), theFrench astrologer, physician and prophet. When Faust first opens the book by Nostradamus he sees the sign ofthe macrocosm, which is a diagram of the presidency of the cosmos. The vision that the sign of the macrocosm inspires echoes Jacobsdream in Genesis 28,... ...hab,so that Ahab could allow his subjectsvineyards. By referring to Naboth, Mephistopheles is preparing us toexpect the deaths of Baucis and Philemon.Midnight In medieval literature, allegorical figures symbolize the approachof death. The allegorical figures in Midnight also parallel the fourhorsemen of the Apocalyps e death, war, famine, and plague (seeRevelations 61-8).Entombment In the original Faust legends, Faust is dragged clear up tohell.Mephistopheles is unable to do so this time because Faust wasnever so satisfied with the results of his striving that he wantedtime to stand still.Mephistopheles is only able to seize Fausts soulthrough trickery.Mountain Gorges The Anchorites Pater Ecstaticus, Pater Profundus, and PaterSeraphicus are religious hermits who represent the mysticaltradition of early Christianity.